References

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[1] Duprez, L. et al. Major cell death pathways at a glance. Microbes and Infection. 2009; 11:1050-1062.

Introduction

[2] Wagenaar, D.J. Glossary of molecular imaging terminology. Academic Radiology 2001; 8:409-20.

[3] Wyllie, A.H. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature. 1980; 284:555-556.

[4] Edinger, A.L. et al. Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2004; 16:663-669.

[5] Vaskivuo, T. et al. Regulation of Apoptosis in the Female Reproductive system. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Finland, 2002. Reviewed by Professor Eriksson, J.E. ISBN 951-42-6667-6 (URL: http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514266676/).

[6] Fuentes-Prior, P. & Salvesen, G.S. The protein structures that shape caspase activity, specificity, activation and inhibition. Biochem. J. 2004; 384:201-232.

Signalling Mechanisms

[7] The Walter and Eliza Institute of Medical research, Melbourne, Australia, 2006. Apoptosis, Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KTDz-ZisZ0 [Accessed 27 January 2010].

B-Cell Lymphoma 2

[8] Yang, J., Liu, X., Bhalla, K., Kim, C. N., Ibrado, A. M., Cai, J., Peng, T.-I., Jones, D. P. & Wang, X. Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science. 1997;275:1129-1132.

[9] Bakhshi, A., Jensen, J. P., Goldman, P., Wright, J. J., McBride, O. W. Epstein, A. L. & Korsmyer, S. J. Cloning the chromosomal break-point of the t(14:18) human lymphomas: cloustering around JH on chromosome 14 and near a transcriptional unit on 18. Cell. 1985; 41:889-906.

[10] Adams, J.M. & Cory, S. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival. Science. 1998; 281:1322-1326.

[11] Kroemer, G. The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 and its role in regulating apoptosis. Nature. Med. 1997; 3:614-620.

[12] Reed, J.C. Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Nature. 1997; 387:773-776.

[13] Reed, J.C. Bcl-2 family proteins. Oncogene. 1998; 17:3225-3236.

[14] Chittenden, T., Flemington, C., Houghton, A. B., Ebb, R. G., Gallo, G. J., Elangovan, B., Chinnadurai, G. & Lutz, R. A conserved domain in Bak, distinct from BH1 and BH2, mediates cell death and protein binding functions. EMBO Journal. 1995;14:5589-5596.

[15] Zha, J., Aime-Sempe, C., Sato, T. & Reed, J. C. Proapoptotic protein Bax heterodimerizes with Bcl-2 and homodimerizes with Bax via a novel domain (BH3) distinct from BH1 and BH2. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996;271:7440-7444.

[16] Muchmore, S. W., Sattler, M., Liang, H., Meadows, R. P., Harlan, J. E., Yoon, H. S., Nettesheim, D., Chang, B. S., Thompson, C. B., Wong, S-L., Ng, S-C. & fesik, S. W. X-ray and NMR structure oof human Bcl-XL, an inhibitor of programmed cell death. Nature. 1996;381:335-341.

[17] Riedl, S.J. & Salvesen, G.S. The apoptosome: signaling platform of cell death. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2007; 8:405-413.

Caspases

[18] Hengartner, M.O. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature. 2000; 407:770-776.

[19] Earnshaw, W.C. et al. Mammalian caspases: structure, activation, substrates and functions during apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1999; 68:383-424.

[20] Salvesen, G.S. & Riedl, S.J. Caspase mechanisms. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2008; 615:13-23.

[21] Bohm, I. & Schild, H. Apoptosis: The Complex Scenario for a Silent Cell Death. Molecular Imaging and Biology. 2003; 5:2-14.

[22] Wajant, H. et al. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors in tumour surveillance and cancer therapy. Apoptosis. 2002; 5:449-459.

[23] Bhardwaj, A. & Aggarwal, B.B. Receptor-mediated choreography of life and death. J. Clin, Immunol.. 2003; 23:317-332.

[24] Ogasawara, J. et al. Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature. 1993; 364:806-809.

[25] Schneider, P. et al. Conversion of Membrane-bound Fas(CD95) Ligand to Its Soluble Form is Associated with Downregulation of Its Proapoptotic Activity and Loss of Liver Toxicity. J. Exp. Med. 1998; 187:1205-1213.

[26] Youle, R.J. & Strasser, A. The Bcl-2 protein family: opposing activities that mediate cell death. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2008; 9:47-59.

[27] Duprez, L. et al. Major cell death pathways at a glance. Microbes and Infection. 2009; 11:1050-1062.

[28] Ibioseminars, 2010. Xiaodang Wang (U Texas Southwestern) Part 2: The Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJ9NxQ1hc3Y [Accessed 27 January 2010].

[29] Peter, M.E. & Krammer, P.H. The CD95(APO-1/Fas) DISC and beyond. Cell death Differ. 2003; 10:26-35

[30] Wilson, N.S. et al. Death receptor signal transducers: nodes of coordination in immune signaling networks. Nat. Immunol. 2009; 10:348-355